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...While
Protecting Against Cancer
In 1980, the Life Extension
Foundation published its first health newsletter. Since then, we
have introduced dozens of nutrients, hormones, and drugs that
are now proven to prevent and treat a wide variety of ailments.
The fruit juice we are about to
highlight is not new—but the human clinical studies are. Based
on these findings, it may now be possible for people with severe
atherosclerosis to reverse it. Those who have relatively healthy
arteries to begin with might be able to significantly delay or
prevent the onset of
atherosclerosis.
If all this fruit did was protect
our inner arterial wall (the endothelium), then it may be the
most important agent that aging humans could ingest. What has
scientists most excited, however, is a new human study showing
that this fruit dramatically slowed the progression of prostate
cancer in those who already failed conventional treatment.1
These expensive human studies were
conducted based on an abundance of test tube and live animal
data indicating this fruit might prevent and treat vascular
disease and prostate cancer.2,3,9-13,25,26
These same test tube studies show that this fruit may also be
effective against breast cancer.27-30
Prescription medications can slow
the progress of atherosclerosis, but they rarely reverse it. To
significantly reduce human mortality, a way to stop
age-associated arterial deterioration must be found. As you will
soon read, this may have been achieved in humans with a fruit
that functions via mechanisms quite different from conventional
drugs.
Government agencies caution
consumers to be leery of health products that promise
“miraculous” results. The reason for these warnings is that
unscrupulous companies continue to make outlandish claims with
little scientific substantiation to back them.
While it may be too early to
promise “miraculous benefits” in response to ingesting this
fruit, the human studies supporting it are miraculous from a
scientific standpoint. This article provides a summary of recent
findings that explain why even some mainstream doctors are
recommending that their patients consume this fruit juice every
day.
Reversing Atherosclerosis
While certain drugs, nutrients,
and hormones can slow the progression of atherosclerosis, very
little has ever been shown to reverse existing artery disease.
One reason it is so difficult to
reverse atherosclerosis is that arterial disease is primarily
caused by aging itself (via the destructive process known as
endothelial dysfunction). This means that a person with
atherosclerosis has to first stop the artery-damaging process
and then reverse the damage and occlusion to the arterial wall
that has accumulated over a lifetime.
Atherosclerosis can be measured in
humans by conducting an ultrasound test of the carotid arteries
in their necks. An ultrasound provides a specific reading of the
narrowing (or blockage) that has occurred by measuring the
thickness of the inner and middle walls of the carotid artery.
This is known technically as an intima-media thickness test
(IMT).
A controlled human study was
conducted involving patients with severe carotid artery
narrowing (stenosis).3
One group received conventional drugs only (statins and anti-hypertensives),
while the other group received pomegranate juice plus the same
drugs. The findings observed in the pomegranate group were
unprecedented.
After one year, the group
receiving the drugs, but not pomegranate showed a significant 9%
increase in intima-media thickness. In contrast, the group
receiving the pomegranate plus drugs showed a reduction in
carotid intima-media thickness as follows:
-
After three months: 13%
-
After six months: 22%
-
After nine months: 26%
-
After one year: 35%
Carotid artery blood flow (as
measured by end diastolic velocity) improved in the pomegranate
plus drugs group as follows:
-
After three months: 16%
-
After six months: 20%
-
After nine months: 31%
-
After one year: 44%
Blood samples were collected
before and during treatment with pomegranate in these patients
with narrowed carotid arteries. The changes shown in the box
above help explain why pomegranate so effectively reversed
carotid intima-media thickness.
Another blood test used in this
study measured paraoxonase-1, an antioxidant enzyme produced in
the body. Paraoxonase-1 is associated with beneficial HDL and is
believed to protect against the oxidation of LDL. Low levels of
paraoxonase-1 predict increased severity of coronary artery
disease. In patients administered pomegranate, the paraoxonase-1
levels increased by 83% after only one year!
After one year of taking
pomegranate, there was also a 21% decrease in systolic blood
pressure and more than 50% reduction in measured free radical
activity in the carotid atherosclerotic plaque.
The scientists attributed the
regression in carotid atherosclerotic lesion size in the
pomegranate group to significantly reduced oxidative stress in
both blood and atherosclerotic plaques, along with modestly
lower blood pressure (beyond that of the anti-hypertensive drugs
that were prescribed).
Previous studies have correlated
the degree of carotid artery atherosclerosis to coronary and
other artery diseases.4,5
The fact that pomegranate was shown to reverse carotid artery
atherosclerosis indicates that even aged humans might be able to
dramatically lower their risks of stroke, heart attack,
impotence, etc.
|
EFFECT OF POMEGRANATE ON CARDIOVASCULAR RISK |
|
Atherosclerosis Risk
Factor |
Effect of Pomegranate |
|
LDL basal oxidative state |
Reduced by 90% |
|
LDL susceptibility to copper-induced oxidation |
Reduced by 59% |
|
Total antioxidant status |
Improved by 130% |
|
Improving
Blood Flow to the Heart
Atherosclerotic coronary artery
disease remains the leading cause of death in the Western world,
despite record numbers of people taking prescription heart
medications (such as statin drugs).6
Based on favorable animal data,
doctors conducted a study on heart disease patients to ascertain
pomegranate’s effects on inducible angina and the rate of blood
flow through the coronary arteries. The entire group was
subjected to a baseline stress test to induce angina and to an
advanced tomography technique to measure coronary blood flow.
One group of cardiac patients
received their medications plus placebo, while the second group
received their medications plus pomegranate juice. After three
months, coronary blood flow was again measured using the same
tests performed at baseline. In the group receiving the
pomegranate juice, stress-induced angina episodes decreased by
50%, whereas stress-induced angina increased by 38% in the
placebo group.
When the test to measure coronary
artery blood flow was performed, the placebo group worsened by
17% after three months, whereas coronary blood flow improved by
18% in the pomegranate group.
This study showed for the first
time that daily consumption of pomegranate can improve blood
flow to the heart in coronary artery disease patients in a
relatively short period of time. The doctors noted that the test
they used to measure coronary blood flow was recently shown to
be the best predictor of future heart attack risk. The doctors
attributed the anti-atherosclerotic benefits of pomegranate to
the polyphenols, tannins, and anthocyanidins contained in the
fruit. They pointed out that while grape juice/red wine contain
some of these extracts, neither grape juice nor red wine has
been shown to improve coronary blood low in patients with
established heart disease.
Why Were These Human Studies Done?
The costs of conducting human
clinical studies are enormous. One might wonder why such
meticulous efforts were made to document the
anti-atherosclerosis effects of pomegranate in human beings.
One reason these human trials were
conducted were animal studies showing remarkable
arterial-protecting properties in response to pomegranate
ingestion. In study after study, pomegranate supplementation
resulted in significantly reduced progression of atherosclerosis
and reduction in lesion size compared to placebo.8-12
When scientists evaluated the
mechanisms of how pomegranate functions in the organism, they
found that this fruit induces favorable changes in the arterial
wall that are known to reduce atherosclerotic risk.
One beneficial vascular effect of
pomegranate is its ability to increase endothelial nitric oxide
levels.13-15
Adequate nitric oxide status is required for healthy inner
arterial wall (endothelial) function. Nitric oxide enables
arteries to expand and contract with youthful elasticity. The
age-related deficiency in endothelial-derived nitric oxide
predisposes maturing humans to today’s epidemic of heart attack
and stroke. By restoring nitric oxide in the arteries,
pomegranate may help combat endothelial dysfunction throughout
the body.
Pomegranate’s potent ability to
decrease LDL oxidation via several unique mechanisms has
impressed even mainstream cardiologists. The significant role
that LDL oxidation plays in the initiation and progression of
atherosclerosis was long ago established. While a number of
antioxidants reduce LDL oxidation, the unique property of
boosting the body’s supply of a natural antioxidant enzyme
(paraoxonase-1) may make pomegranate one of the most powerful
protectors against LDL oxidation.
Pomegranate not only protects
against various types of LDL oxidation, but it also inhibits
oxidation of toxic compounds within atherosclerotic lesions.16,17
Additional research shows that pomegranate reduces abnormal
platelet aggregation, lowers blood pressure (by inhibiting the
angiotension converting enzyme) and protects the arterial wall
against cholesterol accumulation.3,18,19
Based on these broad-spectrum
mechanisms of action, it is not surprising that pomegranate
supplementation resulted in regression of atherosclerosis and
improved coronary blood flow in humans with existing vascular
disease. Based on these positive human studies and the plethora
of animal research, pomegranate might be more effective in
preventing atherosclerosis than in treating it.
Stabilizing PSA in Prostate Cancer
Patients
PSA (prostate specific antigen) is
an enzyme that is produced by both benign and malignant prostate
cells. While it is commonly used in the diagnosis of prostate
cancer, PSA blood testing is also critically important in
measuring the efficacy of prostate cancer treatment(s).
Once a man undergoes prostate
cancer therapy, the PSA blood test can help ascertain if all the
cancer has been removed (or destroyed). Ideally, PSA levels
should be at zero or near zero after therapy. Any significant
PSA reading after treatment indicates the presence of residual
cancer.
The aggressiveness of residual
prostate cancer can be evaluated by measuring how quickly PSA
rises after initial therapy. Doctors look at how long it takes
PSA level to “double” in order to calculate the extent of the
patient’s remaining disease.
In July 2006, UCLA researchers
reported on 50 prostate cancer patients whose PSA levels doubled
on an average of 15 months after conventional therapies (such as
surgery or radiation).1
This meant that conventional therapy had failed in these
patients and that prostate tumor cells were rapidly propagating
in their bodies.
As an experimental treatment,
pomegranate juice was given every day and the results were
nothing short of astounding. This study found that 80% of the
men receiving pomegranate reduced the velocity PSA increase and
extended PSA “doubling times” out to an average of 54 months!
In other words, before these
prostate cancer patients began taking pomegranate, their PSA
level doubled in only 1.25 years, indicating relatively rapid
progression of their disease. After ingestion of pomegranate
commenced, it took 4.5 years or 3.6 times longer for their PSA
to double again. Based on these PSA readings, men receiving
pomegranate significantly delayed the progression of their
disease.
To further validate the
anti-cancer effects of pomegranate, the UCLA scientists took
blood from these study participants both before and after
pomegranate ingestion began. They then administered the blood
taken from these patients to prostate cancer cells in a Petri
dish. The blood taken after pomegranate was ingested caused a
12% decrease in prostate cancer cell proliferation and a 17%
increase in apoptosis (cancer cell death) compared to
pre-pomegranate ingested blood. These cell culture findings,
coupled with the clinical data showing that it took 3.6 times
longer for PSA levels to double, provide a clear picture of
pomegranate’s effects against prostate cancer.
The UCLA researchers who conducted
this study where so excited they stated that older men who have
been treated for prostate cancer may be able to outlive their
cancer by taking pomegranate juice every day. The researchers
added that pomegranate might enable aging men to delay or avoid
the need for chemotherapy and hormone blocking drugs, both of
which have harmful side effects and limited efficacy.
This UCLA study was published in
the prestigious journal Clinical Cancer Research and received a
fair amount of media attention. The results, however, are not
completely surprising. In previous animal studies using
transplanted human prostate cancer cell lines, the oral
administration of pomegranate resulted in reduction in the
secretion of PSA, corresponding with the significant inhibition
of tumor growth and induction of apoptosis (cancer cell death).
PSA Itself Can Promote Prostate
Cancer
PSA is regarded as a blood marker
of possible prostate problems such as benign prostate
enlargement (BPH), prostate inflammation, or prostate cancer.
Emerging evidence reveals that PSA
itself may play an important role in the development and
progression of prostate cancer. As a protein-degrading enzyme,
PSA functions to break down barriers that keep prostate cancer
cells under control. Excess PSA can digest the protein matrix
that surrounds cells, thus potentially accelerating the invasion
and metastasis (spread) of prostate cancer cells.
Based on newly discovered findings
about the potential dangers of elevated PSA, men with and
without prostate cancer should seek to keep PSA levels as low as
possible.20-22
This makes the discovery of pomegranate’s ability to slow PSA
doubling time a potential breakthrough in both the prevention
and treatment of prostate cancer.
Staggering Statistics on Prostate
Cancer
Autopsy evidence indicates that
prostate cancer cells are evident in up to 34% of men aged 40-49
and up to 70% of men aged 80 and older.23,24
Most men, however, never progress to clinically diagnosed
disease, indicating the presence of control mechanisms that keep
prostate cancer cell colonies small and thus controlled. It
would appear that pomegranate helps facilitate these control
mechanisms in a way that could result in reduced prostate cancer
risks and recurrences.
Research from the University of
Wisconsin showed that treating prostate cancer cells with
pomegranate extract decreased androgen receptors and PSA
expression.25,26
When prostate cancer cells where incubated with low
concentrations of pomegranate extract, a dose-related inhibition
of cell growth was observed. When human prostate cancer cells
were injected into mice, feeding the animals pomegranate extract
delayed the appearance of tumors. Tumor growth was significantly
inhibited and survival was prolonged in response to pomegranate
feeding.
For aging humans, the daily
ingestion of pomegranate would be a prudent addition to a cancer
risk reduction lifestyle.
Preventing Breast Cancer
Most doctors don’t know that there
are similarities between breast and prostate cancer cells.
Breast cancer cells, for instance, secrete small amounts of PSA
(prostate-specific antigen). For women, the “prostate-specific”
antigen (PSA) is really a “breast-specific” antigen. Men whose
mothers had breast cancer are at a higher risk of developing
prostate cancer themselves.27
Based on these facts, it is not
surprising to learn that pomegranate may reduce breast cancer
risk. Unlike atherosclerosis and prostate cancer, human studies
on breast cancer are still lacking, but the existing data is
compelling.
Several in vitro studies show that
pomegranate exerts anti-tumor effects against human breast
cancer cell lines.28-31
Pomegranate has been shown to inhibit breast cancer cell
proliferation, inhibit invasion of these cancer cells across a
membrane matrix, and induce apoptosis (cell destruction).
In a mammary gland organ cell
culture, pomegranate caused a 47% inhibition of mammary cancer
formation in response to a known carcinogen (DMBA).28
When investigating these
anti-breast cancer mechanisms, scientists found that pomegranate
strongly down-regulated the expression of vascular endothelial
growth factor (VEGF). Breast tumors are highly dependent on VEGF
to promote new blood vessel growth in order to feed their
rapidly proliferating cells. The anti-angiogenic potential of
pomegranate, coupled with its ability to directly induce
apoptosis, makes it a fascinating agent to test in breast cancer
clinical studies.
Whether pomegranate is effective
in preventing breast cancer is not particularly relevant, since
heart attack and stroke are by far the leading causes of death
in women. In other words, based on the multiple beneficial
effects this fruit has shown in protecting the arterial system,
maturing women should consider incorporating pomegranate into
their daily program.
Erectile Dysfunction and
Atherosclerosis
What used to be a theory has now
become an established fact. When aging men present with erectile
dysfunction, it is often a symptom of systemic atherosclerosis,
including coronary artery disease. The reason for this
correlation is that erectile dysfunction is often caused by the
narrowing or blockage of blood flow through the penile arteries.
To evaluate the effects of natural
agents in combating erectile dysfunction, scientists conducted a
study to evaluate the effect of various fruit juices, red wine,
and green tea on the blood flow of penile arteries in rabbits.
Pomegranate juice demonstrated the highest free radical
suppressing capacity (decreasing free radical activity by 71%)
of any agent tested.32
In this rabbit study, long-term
ingestion of pomegranate increased penile blood flow and
improved erectile response to stimulation. Further laboratory
analyses showed significant decreases in LDL oxidation and
reductions in other parameters associated with atherosclerosis
and subsequent erectile dysfunction.
Aging men spend hundreds of
millions of dollars a year on drugs that temporarily reverse
erectile dysfunction. These drugs function to acutely increase
blood flow to the penis. Any man taking these drugs (like
Viagra®) should also be on a comprehensive program aimed at
reversing the underlying cause of impotence, i.e. penile
atherosclerosis. Pomegranate would appear to be a critical
component of a strategy to improve blood flow throughout the
body.
What Makes Pomegranate So Special?
Numerous studies show that
pomegranate is nature’s most powerful antioxidant.33-38
The remarkable effect of pomegranate against various human
disorders, however, makes one question whether there is more to
this fruit than just its free radical suppressing effects.
One answer to this question may
lie in the fact that pomegranate is absorbed into the
bloodstream far more efficiently than other fruit extracts. One
study showed a pomegranate extract to be 95% absorbed, which is
far greater than any polyphenol-containing fruit extract of its
kind.39
Another reason that pomegranate
has displayed such incredible clinical findings is that it
contains a unique polyphenol group called punicalagins. Not only
do punicalagins display potent antioxidant effects, but they
also interfere with growth factors needed by cancer cells to
propagate. By down-regulating these pathological growth factors,
punicalagins have been shown to induce the destruction
(apoptosis) of common cancer cells.40-42
Pomegranate also suppresses a
dangerous inflammatory cytokine called interleukin-1 beta.43
As humans age, increases in interleukin-1 beta wreak havoc in
tissues throughout the body. As you will read in upcoming
editions of Life Extension magazine, pomegranate has been shown
to alleviate a host of inflammatory-related disorders. As most
readers already know, atherosclerosis and cancer can be caused
and exacerbated by chronic inflammation.
Where to Obtain Pomegranate
Pomegranate juice can now be found
in some super markets and just about every health food store.
The first complaint most people
have about pomegranate juice is its high cost. One reason is the
expense to transport heavy juice bottles that comprise mostly
water. Another concern expressed by health conscious people is,
like all fruit juices, pomegranate juice is very high in sugar.
The high calorie content of
sugar-laden beverages is a concern for anyone seeking to
maintain a healthy body weight. Adding extra calories also
accelerates various aging processes, which would negate some of
the beneficial effects of the polyphenols naturally contained in
pomegranate.
The good news is that proprietary
extraction methods have been developed to enable consumers to
obtain pomegranate’s active constituents without having to
ingest the sugar calories or pay the high prices charged for
pomegranate juices.
References
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Zomorodian N, et al. Cancer Therapy: Clinical Phase II Study of
pomegranate juice for men with rising prostate-specific antigen
following surgery or radiation for prostate cancer. Clin Cancer
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2. Albrecht M, Jiang W, Kumi-Diaka
J, et al. Pomegranate extracts potently suppress proliferation,
xenograft growth, and invasion of human prostate cancer cells. J
Med Food. 2004 Fall;7(3):274-83.
3. Aviram M, Rosenblat M, Gaitini
D, et al. Pomegranate juice consumption for 3 years by patients
with carotid artery stenosis reduces common carotid intima-media
thickness, blood pressure and LDL oxidation. Clin Nutr. 2004
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4. Rothwell PM. The interrelation
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8. Rosenblat M, Volkova N, Coleman
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9. Aviram M, Dornfeld L, Kaplan M,
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by diabetic patients on serum and on macrophages.
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34. Chidambara Murthy KN,
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37. Xu J, Guo CJ, Yang JJ, et al.
Intervention of antioxidant system function of aged rats by
giving fruit juices with different antioxidant capacities.
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38. Kaur G, Jabbar Z, Athar M, et
al. Punica granatum (pomegranate) flower extract possesses
potent antioxidant activity and abrogates Fe-NTA induced
hepatotoxicity in mice. Food Chem Toxicol. 2006
Jul;44(7):984-93.
39. Cerda B, Llorach R, Ceron JJ,
et al. Evaluation of the bioavailability and metabolism in the
rat of punicalagin, an antioxidant polyphenol from pomegranate
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absorption of punicalagin].
40. Seeram NP, Adams LS, Henning
SM, et al. In vitro antiproliferative, apoptotic and antioxidant
activities of punicalagin, ellagic acid and a total pomegranate
tannin extract are enhanced in combination with other
polyphenols as found in pomegranate juice. J Nutr Biochem. 2005
Jun;16(6):360-7.
41. Adams LS, Seeram NP, Aggarwal
BB, et al. Pomegranate juice, total pomegranate ellagitannins,
and punicalagin suppress inflammatory cell signaling in colon
cancer cells. J Agric Food Chem. 2006 Feb 8;54(3):980-5.
42. Khan N, Hadi N, Afaq F, et al.
Pomegranate fruit extract inhibits prosurvival pathways in human
A549 lung carcinoma cells and tumor growth in athymic nude mice.
Carcinogenesis. 2006 Aug 18; [Epub ahead of print].
43. Ahmed S, Wang N, Hafeez BB, et
al. Punica granatum L. extract inhibits IL-1beta-induced
expression of matrix metalloproteinases by inhibiting the
activation of MAP kinases and NF-kappaB in human chondrocytes in
vitro. J Nutr. 2005 Sep;135(9):2096-102.
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